Transcript • The Skin • Consent • Needle safety • Specimen Handling • Practitioner Hazards • Why Infections Occur • Arteries and Capillaries • Improving Venous Access • Practitioner Requirements • Factor Affecting Site Selection • Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation • Patient and Environmental Factors • Documentation and Record Keeping • Infection Prevention and Management •Venipuncture and Cannulation • Professional Competence and Accountability • Overview of the Circulatory and Venous Systems